{"id":31054,"date":"2026-01-27T15:23:40","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T15:23:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/?p=31054"},"modified":"2026-01-27T15:23:40","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T15:23:40","slug":"%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%aa-3-%d8%b4%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/3-blade-vs-4-blade-boat-propeller\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 4 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u200b"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0646 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\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 23%.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0635\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 <a class=\"editor-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 4 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u201d\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0646\u062a 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\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 4 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vifmarine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/propeller-blade.jpg\" alt=\"3 blade vs 4 blade\"><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a <strong>10-20% \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u062a 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\u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u00bb \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627\u061f<\/h3>\n<p>\u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0641\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 <strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 30%<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u2014 \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629: <strong>T = Z \u222b B(r) \u00bd \u03c1 V\u00b2\u1d63 c(r) (C\u2097 \u03b1) dr<\/strong>. \u0630\u0644\u0643 <strong>Z<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0646 <strong>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 10%<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 <strong>25%<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u064a <strong>\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 30 \u0645\/\u062b<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>8,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>, \u060c \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u0645\u0646 <strong>\u062e\u0637\u0623 8%<\/strong>. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u2014 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 6%<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 <strong>\u03c6 = tan\u207b\u00b9(P\/2\u03c0r)<\/strong>. \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u062b. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u061f <strong>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629<\/strong> \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u2014 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0645. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a <strong>T = Z \u222b B(r) \u00bd \u03c1 V\u00b2\u1d63 c(r) (C\u2097 \u03b1) dr<\/strong> \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 <strong>Z = 4<\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 3. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 <strong>25% \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644)<\/strong>: \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0635\u0641\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639<\/strong>: \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 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<strong>\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 <strong>\u03c1f<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u03c1f = 1.0). \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>0.4 \u0639\u0646\u062f 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\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u061f <strong>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627<\/strong>. \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u00ab\u0628\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646\u00bb \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0633 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\u0641\u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 <strong>5-8% \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644<\/strong> \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629\"><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a = \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u2192 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 <strong>5,800-6,200 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u2192 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a = \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u2192 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 <strong>1-2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong>. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<br \/>\u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u2192 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0643 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong>. \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 2,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u2192 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 <strong>\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629<\/strong>. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f 4,500-5,000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646<br \/>\u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u2192 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a 2,500-4,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u062c\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062c\u0631 \u0645\u0639 <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 14 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/strong>. \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0648 <strong>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f 3,500 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 4,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643 <strong>\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 6,000 \u0631\u0637\u0644<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/h3>\n<p><strong>\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u2192 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. <strong>\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a 80% \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649<br \/>\u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u2192 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a <strong>\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0628<\/strong>: \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 = <strong>10-20%<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 = <strong>~10%<\/strong>. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0630\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a <strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628<\/strong>: \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 = <strong>25%<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 = <strong>~10%<\/strong>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0640 <strong>\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646:<br \/>\u2013 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 2,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644: \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<br \/>\u2013 2,500\u20134,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644: \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631<br \/>\u2013 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 4,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644: \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<h3>\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u2014 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0630\u0627:<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0644\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f<br \/>\u2013 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 2,500 \u0631\u0637\u0644<br \/>\u2013 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629<br \/>\u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 $300<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u2014 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0630\u0627:<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 <strong>\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629<\/strong><br \/>\u2013 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621<br \/>\u2013 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644<br \/>\u2013 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 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<strong>V_A<\/strong> \u0645\u0642\u0633\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 <strong>Q<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643. \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 20% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 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\u0644\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633: \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u00bb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629. <strong>\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0629 = \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649<\/strong>. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629: <strong>\u03c6 = tan\u207b\u00b9(P\/2\u03c0r)<\/strong>. \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629\u061f \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 <strong>200-400 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong>. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f <strong>5,800-6,200 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629. <strong>\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 150-200<\/strong> \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a:<br \/>\u2013 <strong>\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 + \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> = \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629<br \/>\u2013 <strong>\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 + \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong> = \u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629<br \/>\u2013 <strong>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/strong> = \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<h3>\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <strong>3-5% \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 <strong>$150-250<\/strong>. \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 <strong>$400-600<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 <strong>15-20%<\/strong> \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 4 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061f \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 <strong>1-2 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0629<\/strong>. \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (RPM) \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 <strong>21 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f 5,500 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>19 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 <strong>\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635<\/strong>. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a: <strong>DAR = (\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629) \/ (\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0643 <strong>\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/strong> shows how well things match. Measure real speed against the speed from pitch and RPM. Good setups show <strong>10-15% slip<\/strong>. Higher slip means wrong pitch. Lower slip can cause cavitation damage.<\/p>\n<h2>Common Problems and How to Fix Wrong Propeller Choices<\/h2>\n<p>Your propeller upgrade made everything worse. Engine screams past 6,500 RPM. Boat still won&#8217;t get on plane. You spent $600 and got nothing but frustration.<\/p>\n<p>Three mistakes cause most propeller problems. Wrong blade count for your hull. Pitch doesn&#8217;t match your engine&#8217;s power band. Nobody checked the real numbers before buying.<\/p>\n<h3>The Over-Pitched Death Spiral<\/h3>\n<p>You bought a <strong>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a 4 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> because the internet promised better hole shot. You copied the pitch from your old 3-blade setup. The engine now bogs down at 4,200 RPM. It should hit the sweet spot at 5,800 RPM.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/strong>: Drop pitch by <strong>2 inches<\/strong> switching from 3-blade to 4-blade. Keep the same diameter. Lower pitch lets the engine spin up right. Your tachometer should read <strong>5,800-6,200 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/strong>. Below that? Go down another inch of pitch.<\/p>\n<h3>The Diameter Clearance Disaster<\/h3>\n<p>Bigger diameter moves more water. You ordered a <strong>15-inch diameter<\/strong> prop to replace your 14-inch setup. The blades now smack your lower unit at full lock. Paint gets scratched. Metal shavings show up.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644<\/strong>: Measure your lower unit clearance <strong>\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/strong> ordering. Most sterndrive units max out at <strong>14.5 inches<\/strong>. Outboards vary by model. Call your engine maker. Get the exact specs. Stay <strong>0.5 inches under<\/strong> the limit for safety.<\/p>\n<h3>The Ventilation vs Cavitation Confusion<\/h3>\n<p>Your prop &#8220;slips&#8221; at hard acceleration. You think it&#8217;s damaged. But it&#8217;s pulling air from the surface. This is <strong>ventilation<\/strong>, not cavitation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Real cavitation<\/strong> creates tiny bubbles from pressure drops. It pits the blade surface. You can feel rough spots with your fingers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong> happens two ways. The prop sits too shallow. Or you trim too high. The blades break the water surface. They spin in air instead of water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The fix for ventilation<\/strong>: Lower your engine <strong>1-2 holes on the mounting bracket<\/strong>. Reduce trim angle by <strong>2-3 degrees<\/strong>. Add a <strong>hydrofoil plate<\/strong> if the transom sits high. This forces water down toward the prop.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The fix for cavitation damage<\/strong>: Switch to <strong>stainless steel blades<\/strong>. They resist pitting better than aluminum. Drop pitch <strong>1 inch<\/strong> to reduce blade loading. Check for fishing line wrapped around the hub. This changes water flow patterns.<\/p>\n<h3>The &#8220;Test It First&#8221; Rule Nobody Follows<\/h3>\n<p>You&#8217;re picking between <strong>19-pitch and 21-pitch<\/strong> options. Both look the same otherwise. Which one works?<\/p>\n<p><strong>The answer<\/strong>: Test both. Find a dealer with a <strong>14-day exchange policy<\/strong>. Buy the middle option first. Run your normal routine for a week. Check these three numbers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Time to plane<\/strong> with typical load<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Top speed GPS-verified<\/strong> (not the speedometer\u2014those lie)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Fuel burn in gallons per hour<\/strong> at 3,500 RPM cruise<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Too slow getting on plane? RPM too high? Exchange for lower pitch. Can&#8217;t hit rated RPM at full throttle? Go up in pitch.<\/p>\n<p>This costs you one trip to the dealer. It saves you from owning the wrong prop for three years. You guessed instead of measuring\u2014don&#8217;t make that mistake.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 3 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a 4 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/strong> &#8211; this choice isn&#8217;t about finding a winner. It&#8217;s about matching the right tool to your specific boating needs. Think sports car versus SUV. Both get you there. Each works best for different trips.<\/p>\n<p>Here&#8217;s what most people miss: No propeller is perfect for everything. That fast 3-blade setup? It loses power the second you load up fishing gear and friends. The smooth 4-blade? Too much prop if you run solo on calm lakes going for top speed.<\/p>\n<p>Time to decide. Grab paper and write three things:<br \/>&#8211; Your boat&#8217;s real weight (include all gear)<br \/>&#8211; What you do on the water most of the time<br \/>&#8211; What bugs you about your current setup<\/p>\n<p>Compare your answers to the <strong>\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629<\/strong> info we covered. The right choice becomes clear.<\/p>\n<p>Still unsure? <a class=\"editor-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d VIF<\/a>&#8216; team has tested every boat-and-prop combo you can imagine. The best upgrade isn&#8217;t always more blades. Sometimes you just need the right blades for how you boat.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You&#8217;re at the marina, staring at two identical propellers. The salesperson tosses around terms like &#8220;thrust distribution&#8221; and &#8220;slip coefficient.&#8221; Your wallet wants an escape route. The difference between three and four blades? It&#8217;s not just counting. It&#8217;s about whether your boat jumps out of the water like a dolphin or cruises like a budget [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":31053,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[85],"class_list":["post-31054","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-3-blade-vs-4-blade-boat-propeller"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31054","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31054"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31054\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31055,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31054\/revisions\/31055"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31054"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31054"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vifpropellers.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31054"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}